Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist inclinations. It is still healthier than expected.
The country is looking for a new development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors and as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to influence the society. However, there are signs that a secular culture is emerging.
Origins
During prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops such as millet and beans. They also raised livestock and made furs. They established tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy business, making iron tools, including bronze. They also traded with other countries and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan, as well as art styles and a written language and paper making.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. During this time, the people of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state where the monarch and senior officials came from the land aristocracy, while the rest of its population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these people, and sometimes forced them to join the army or construct fortifications.
Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje towards the end of the time. This new kingdom expanded its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje took on Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE, and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety into a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families and had to be obeyed and respected by everyone, even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a nation which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the patterns created by the mouth while pronouncing. This significantly improved communication between people, and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was refined. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of cist graves lined with stones, and adorned with precious items such as amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, known as dolmens and built from single large stones are common in the country.
In the first second half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was then under the control of a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians don't consider to be a valid Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje is the most powerful of these states was weakened by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern regions in Manchuria and the its western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a short period of time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. Silla with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters the post-crisis period the development paradigm of the country is in flux. Those who are horrified by the huge cost of the old systems support a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and markets for products. On the other hand the people who support the old system attempt to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments and by inflating fears about potential job loss.
Academics and analysts are divided about the extent to which Korea's development is being driven by these two trends. This article focuses on the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development including democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies key factors that seem to be influencing these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views to this population. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs; and 17 percent said they didn't understand it. This level of disbelief approaches that in the United States, where a similar number of people do not accept that humans evolved from earlier forms of life.
In the past, most of the anti-evolution movements in Korea was focused on educating college students and bringing them to Christ. 에볼루션 바카라 무료 in interest in creation science began in 1980, with the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. The event attracted an impressive crowd of professors, scientists, and church leaders.
The success of this event led to the founding of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31, 1981. The inauguration event was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it was well-received by the public.
KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In CREATION, the organization presented its own work and published articles on the scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR as well as a few books on creationism which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the country in churches and universities.
A KACR success was witnessed at the KAIST University in Seoul. There, there were enough students interested in creationism that they raised the money and support to construct a small museum on campus with creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects in the field of creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has branches in local offices that host talks and seminars to children and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the late 19th century and the beginning of 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other fashion elements imported from overseas. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In this period the famous samulnori or masked dance dramas, were popular with the public. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums and different musical instruments.
Korea's new development paradigm is being developed in the wake of the economic crisis. The new regime's main challenge lies in the proper balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-oriented ones. It also involves rethinking the incentives and monitoring policies that created the pre-crisis system. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. Baekje, an important regional power in the 4th century, expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies on the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and was in control of a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, 에볼루션 코리아 moved the capital to Wansanju. He became a rival to Goguryeo.
His rule was however short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centrally-run system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was later controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula as well as in Manchuria.